Schizophrenia & Psychosis

Dr. Knight has studied various aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. He is interested in the developmental antecedents and life-course of both. He has studied the antecedents and predictive validity of social competence, affective, and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and psychosis, and he has focused specifically both on the underlying processes that contribute to the cognitive deficiencies of individuals with schizophrenia and on the best ways to assess and diagnose their affective deficits. Dr. Knight has studied various aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. He is interested in the developmental antecedents and life-course of both. He has studied the antecedents and predictive validity of social competence, affective, and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and psychosis, and he has focused specifically both on the underlying processes that contribute to the cognitive deficiencies of individuals with schizophrenia and on the best ways to assess and diagnose their affective deficits.

Etiology & Developmental Antecedents

Knight, R. A. (l976). The schizophrenogenic mother revisited. Contemporary Psychology, 21, 8-10.

Knight, R. A., & Roff, J. D. (1983). Childhood and young adult predictors of schizophrenic outcome. In D. Ricks & B. Dohrenwend (Eds.), Origins of psychopathology: Research and public policy (pp. 129-153). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. A. (1978). Young adult schizophrenics: Prediction of outcome and antecedent childhood factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 947-952.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. A. (1980). Preschizophrenics: Low IQ and aggressive symptoms as predictors of adult outcome and marital status. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 129-132.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. (1981). Family characteristics, childhood symptoms, and adult outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 510-520.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. A. (1994). Birth complications and subsequent negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychological Reports, 74, 635-641.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. A. (1995). Childhood antecedents of stable positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychological Reports, 77, 323-329.

Roff, J., Knight, R., & Wertheim, E. (1976). Disturbed preschizophrenics: Childhood symptoms in relation to adult outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 162, 274-281.

Roff, J. D., Knight, R., & Wertheim, E. (l976). A factor-analytic study of childhood symptoms antecedent to schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 543-549.

Cognitive Deficits

Knight, R. A. (1984). Converging models of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. In W. D. Spaulding & J. K. Cole (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1983: Theories of Schizophrenia and Psychosis (pp. 93-156). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Knight, R. A. (1989). Cognitive deficiencies in schizophrenics: Abandoning cognitive models generated for normals confuses rather than clarifies. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive [European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology], 9, 642-649.

Knight, R. A. (1992). Specifying cognitive deficiencies in poor premorbid schizophrenics. In E. F. Walker, R. Dworkin, & B. Cornblatt (Eds.), Progress in Experimental Psychology and Psychopathology Research, Vol. 15 (pp. 252-289). New York: Springer.

Knight, R. A. (1993). Comparing cognitive models of schizophrenics’ input dysfunction. In R. L. Cromwell & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Schizophrenia: Origins, processes, treatment, and outcome. (pp. 151-175). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Knight, R. A., Elliott, D. S., & Freedman, E. G. (1985). Short-term visual memory in schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4, 427-442.

Knight, R. A., Elliott, D. S., Roff, J. D., & Watson, C. G. (1986). Concurrent and predictive validity of components of disordered thinking in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 427-446.

Knight, R. A., Manoach, D. S., Elliott, D. S., & Hershenson, M. (2000). Perceptual organization in schizophrenia: The processing of symmetrical configurations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 575-587.

Knight, R. A., Roff, J., Barrnett, J., & Moss, J. (1979). The concurrent and predictive validity of thought disorder and affectivity: A 22 year follow-up of acute schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 1-12.

Knight, R. A., Sherer, M., Putchat, C., & Carter, G. (l978). A picture integration task for measuring iconic memory in schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 314-321.

Knight, R. A., Sherer, M., & Shapiro, J. (l977). Iconic imagery in overinclusive and nonoverinclusive schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 242-255.

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (1979). The integration of linguistic ideas in schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 191-202.

Knight. R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (1980). The integration of visual patterns in schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 623-634.

Knight, R. A., & Sims-Knight, J. E. (1982). Evaluation pigeonholing as an explanatory construct for schizophrenics’ cognitive deficiencies. The Behavior and Brain Sciences, 5, 601-603.

Knight, R. A., Sims-Knight, J. E., & Petchers-Cassell, M. (l977). Overinclusion, broad scanning, and picture recognition in schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 635-642.

Rabinowicz, E. F., Knight, R. A., Bruder, G., Owen, D. R., & (1996). Dot enumeration perceptual organization task (DEPOT): Evidence for a short-term visual memory deficit in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 336-348.

Silverstein, S. M., Knight, R. A., Schwarzkopf, S. B., West, L. L., Osborn, L. M., & Kamin, D. (1996). Configural and context effects in perceptual organization in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 410-420.

Silverstein, S. M., Knight, R. K., West, L., Osborn, L. M., Kamin, D., & Schwarzkopf, S. B. (1994). Visual organization, memory, and thought disorder in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 35, 633.

Silverstein, S. M., Matteson, S., & Knight, R. A. (1996). Reduced top-down influence in auditory perceptual organization. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 663-667.

Silverstein, S. M., Matteson, S., & Knight, R. A. (2004). Reduced top-down influence in auditory perceptual organization in schizophrenia. In M. B. Robinson-Riegler & G. L. Robinson-Riegler (Eds.), Readings in cognitive psychology: Applications, connections, and individual differences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. (Originally published in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 663-667, 1996).

Silverstein, S. M., Osborn, L. M., West, L. L., & Knight, R. A. (1998). Perceptual organization in schizophrenia: Evidence of intact processing of configural stimuli. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 3, 225-235.

Sims-Knight, J. E., & Knight, R. A. (1978). Logical and nonlogical classification systems: A look at the underlying complexity of overinclusion in schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 857-865.

Affective Deficits

Giese-Davis, J. E., Miller, G. A., & Knight, R. A. (1993). Memory template comparison processes in anhedonia and dysthymia. Psychophysiology, 30, 646-656.

Knight, R. A., & Roff, J. D. (1985). Affectivity in schizophrenia. In M. Alpert (Ed.), Controversies in schizophrenia: Changes and constancies (pp. 280-316). New York: Guilford Press.

Knight, R. A., & Valner, J. (1993). Affective deficiencies. In C. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of schizophrenia (pp. 145-200). New York: Wiley.

Levin, S., Hall, J. A., Knight, R. A., & Alpert, M. (1985). Verbal and nonverbal expression of affect in speech of schizophrenic and depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4, 487-497.

Follow-up

Knight, R. A., Elliott, D. S., Roff, J. D., & Watson, C. G. (1986). Concurrent and predictive validity of components of disordered thinking in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 427-446.

Knight, R. A., & Roff, J. D. (1985). Affectivity in schizophrenia. In M. Alpert (Ed.), Controversies in schizophrenia: Changes and constancies (pp. 280-316). New York: Guilford Press.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. A. (1978). Young adult schizophrenics: Prediction of outcome and antecedent childhood factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 947-952.

Roff, J., Knight, R., & Wertheim, E. (1976). Disturbed preschizophrenics: Childhood symptoms in relation to adult outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 162, 274-281.

Diagnosis

Knight, R. A. (1987). Relating cognitive processes to symptoms: A strategy to counter methodological difficulties. In P. D. Harvey & E. Walker (Eds.), Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia (pp. 1-29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Knight, R. A., & Blaney, P. H. (l977). The interrater reliability of the Psychotic Inpatient Profile. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 647-653.

Knight, R. A., Epstein, B., & Zielony, R. (1980). The validity of the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 632-639.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. (1978). A schizophrenic checklist: Reliability without stability, concurrent without predictive validity. Psychological Reports, 43, 791-794.

Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. A. (1996). The prototypical view of diagnosis: Predictive validity of diagnostic certainty for schizophrenia. Psychological Reports, 79, 1289-1290.

Roff, J. D., Knight, R. A., & Crandell, L. (1993). Comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III schizophrenics: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 485-491.

Methodological Issues

Knight, R. A. (1989). Cognitive deficiencies in schizophrenics: Abandoning cognitive models generated for normals confuses rather than clarifies. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive [European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology], 9, 642-649.

Knight, R. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (1998). The role of cognitive psychology in guiding research on cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A process oriented approach. In M. F. Lenzenweger & R. H. Dworkin (Eds.), Origins and development of schizophrenia: Advances in experimental psychopathology (pp. 247-295). Washington DC: APA Press.

Knight, R. A., & Silverstein, S. M. (2001). A strategy for averting confounds resulting from general performance deficiencies in schizophrenia: A process-oriented approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 15-30.

Walters, G. D., McGrath, R. E., & Knight, R. A., (2010). Taxometrics, polytomous constructs, and the comparison curve fit index: A Monte Carlo analysis. Psychological Assessment, 22, 149-156.